Credits

Voices

Coach uses local Piper and Kokoro voices. Character samples may change the speed or pitch or add a slight tremor.

Sharvard (Spanish, Spain): trained from the Sharvard corpus by Vincent Aubanel, Maria Luisa Garcia Lecumberri and Martin Cooke (2014), under CC BY 3.0. Piper model card.

Daniela (Spanish, Argentina): voice trained by larcanio, under CC BY-SA 4.0. Piper model card and source.

Diagrams

• A Bayes rule at a risk-set vertex — Kayau. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Riskset bayes3 smaller — Kayau, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A changing coil field drives eddy currents — Evan Mason. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. A changing coil field drives eddy currents — Evan Mason, CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• A chi-square p-value is a right-tail area — Tomasz59. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Chi-square distribution p-value region df7 — Tomasz59, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A concave mirror has its paraxial focus in front — Cronholm144. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. I, Cronholm144 Changes: Expanded the SVG viewport20 original units left/top/bottom and120 right to reveal the clipped Hard surface label; drawing coordinates and composition unchanged.
• A convex mirror forms an upright reduced virtual image — Cronholm144. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. I, Cronholm144 Changes: Darkened pale yellow ray strokes/arrowheads to brown-gold and virtual-ray dashes to darker brown for phone contrast; geometry,labels and line patterns unchanged.
• A convex mirror’s focus is virtual and behind its surface — Cronholm144. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Cronholm144, CC BY-SA3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A current loop produces a magnetic dipole field — Geek3. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. VFPt dipole magnetic1 — Geek3, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A determinant measures oriented three-dimensional volume — Claudio Rocchini. CC BY 3.0. Source. Determinant parallelepiped — Claudio Rocchini, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A diagonal path reaches every countable row — Wcherowi. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Countablepath — Wcherowi, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A diprotic titration need not have two equally sharp jumps — JWSchmidt at English Wikipedia. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Atropos235, laboratory data; JWSchmidt, plot and grid modification; migrated CC BY-SA3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A donor stream feeds a white dwarf’s accretion disk — Philip D. Hall. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Cataclysmic variable — Philip D. Hall, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A dot product with a unit basis vector gives a component — Kmhkmh. CC BY 4.0. Source. Skalarprodukt geometrisch — Kmhkmh, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A fair binary outcome has one bit of entropy — Original: Brona Vector: Alessio Damato Newer version by Rubber Duck. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Binary entropy plot — Original: Brona Vector: Alessio Damato Newer version by Rubber Duck, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A Feistel network reverses its round-key order — Amirki. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Feistel cipher diagram en — Amirki, CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/), via Wikimedia Commons. Accessible metadata and white background added; labeled paths unchanged. Changes: Added accessible title/description and white background; distributed under CC BY-SA 3.0.
• A folding funnel combines many conformations and local traps — Thomas Splettstoesser (www.scistyle.com). CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Folding funnel schematic — Thomas Splettstoesser (www.scistyle.com), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A full binary tree can be uneven — Tmigler. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Tmigler
• A gold draw can come from three equally likely coins — NCiblak. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. 3Outcomes — NCiblak, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A hanging mass feels spring force upward and weight downward — Svjo. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Mass-spring-system — Svjo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A hazard rate can rise and then fall — Qwfp (talk). CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Qwfp at English Wikipedia
• A high mode can represent little probability mass — 3mta3. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Bimodal density — 3mta3, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A Hill plot turns the Hill equation into a straight line — Lenov. CC BY 3.0. Source. Hill Plot — Lenov, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A hybrid can inherit related copies from both parents — Thomas Shafee. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Homoeology — Thomas Shafee, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Changes: Replaced unavailable Calibri with narrower Nimbus Sans Narrow to prevent overlapping gene names/subscripts, then outlined text through Cairo SVG export for stable display; labels, colours, branches and event positions retained.
• A lag plot from independent uniform draws — Ipipipourax. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Laglag h=001 — Ipipipourax, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A lens enlarges the viewing angle — Fountains of Bryn Mawr. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. A lens enlarges the viewing angle — Fountains of Bryn Mawr, CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• A magnetic field separates equal-energy states — Bogdan; SVG by Gregors. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Bogdan, redrawn as SVG by Gregors, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0; imported unchanged.
• A micelle exposes its hydrophilic heads to water — SuperManu. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Micelle scheme-en — SuperManu, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A microscope uses two image stages — Fountains of Bryn Mawr. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. A microscope uses two image stages — Fountains of Bryn Mawr, CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• A moving coil balances magnetic torque against a restoring spring — TiCPU. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Theresa Knott, original Galvanometer diagram.png, migrated CC BY-SA3.0; TiCPU, vector version, CC BY-SA4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A needle may or may not cross a floor line — Paxtrang. CC BY 4.0. Source. Buffon's needles visualization — Paxtrang, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A perfect one-reservoir engine would enable forbidden heat transfer — Netheril96. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Deriving Kelvin Statement from Clausius Statement — Netheril96, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Changes: Expanded the SVG viewport by20 original units on left/right and10 on top/bottom to reveal edge labels; drawing coordinates,labels,colours and composition unchanged.
• A position vector starts at the chosen origin — Acdx. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Acdx, based on Silly rabbit; CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Changes: Expanded the Adobe namespace entity and removed its DTD declaration for safe static SVG; artwork unchanged.
• A product entry combines one row with one column — Lakeworks. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Lakeworks
• A random variable maps outcomes to numbers — Niyumard. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Random Variable as a Function-en — Niyumard, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A rotating velocity vector gives inward acceleration — Original: Brews ohare Vector: AntiCompositeNumber. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Velocity-acceleration — Original: Brews ohare Vector: AntiCompositeNumber, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A sample mean has less spread for larger samples — Biggerj1. CC BY 4.0. Source. Sampling distribution — Biggerj1, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A semidetached binary has one lobe-filling star — Philip D. Hall. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Binary star system - semidetached configuration q=3 — Philip D. Hall, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A sequence-to-sequence decoder attends to its own prefix and the encoder — dvgodoy. CC BY 4.0. Source. Transformer, one decoder block — dvgodoy, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A short-wavelength microscope trades resolution against recoil — parri. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. WillowW, original PNG; parri, SVG; migrated CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A single-server queue: waiting and service — Tsaitgaist. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Mm1 queue — Tsaitgaist, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A slope can depend on the group — Michaelg2015. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Interaction plot body temp — Michaelg2015, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A slowly settling sphere experiences viscous drag against its motion — Kraaiennest. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Kraaiennest
• A small area increment is approximately height times width — Kabel. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. FTC geometric — Kabel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A subclass can replace one method and inherit another — User:Crashed greek. CC BY 4.0. Source. Method overriding in subclass — User:Crashed greek, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A surface and its boundary share an orientation — Cronholm144; refinements by Oleg Alexandrov. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Stokes’ Theorem — Cronholm144, refinements by Oleg Alexandrov, CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/), via Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• A uniform square maps to a two-dimensional normal distribution — Cmglee. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Box-Muller transform visualisation — Cmglee, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A whole edge of Bayes-optimal rules — Kayau. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Riskset bayes smaller — Kayau, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A winding decision boundary can follow training noise — Chabacano. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Overfitting — Chabacano, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A1s orbital has no radial or angular nodes — Geek3. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Atomic-orbital-cloud n1 l0 m0 — Geek3, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A2p orbital has an angular nodal plane — Geek3. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Atomic-orbital-cloud n2 l1 m0 — Geek3, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• A2s orbital changes sign across a radial node — Geek3. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Atomic-orbital-cloud n2 l0 m0 — Geek3, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Adding count vectors can reverse a rate comparison — Cmglee. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Simpson paradox vectors — Cmglee, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Alanine connects D/L notation with R/S configuration — Synpath. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. L- and d- alanine scheme and 3d representation — Synpath, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Algebra tiles making a rectangle — Gbengle. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Gbengle, Algebra tile factoring, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Resized and re-encoded by Coach; complete composition preserved. Changes: Resized complete photograph to 1440 by 1080 and re-encoded as JPEG; no crop, annotations or changes to the tile arrangement. Metadata stripped.
• ALMA resolves rings in HL Tauri’s young disk — ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO). CC BY 4.0. Source. ALMA
• Alpha- and beta-alanine differ in amino-group position — Opabinia regalis vector version by GYassineMrabetTalk✉. CC BY 3.0. Source. Opabinia regalis, original PNG, migrated CC BY-SA 3.0; YassineMrabet, vector version, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• An alias table for five unequal probabilities — Anomalistic. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Alias Table — Anomalistic, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• An Edgeworth correction can follow skewness missed by a normal fit — EtudiantEco. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Edgeworth expansion of the density of the sample mean of three Chi2 variables — EtudiantEco, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• An energy descent can settle in one attractor basin — Mrazvan22. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Energy landscape — Mrazvan22, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• An incoming photon triggers a matching photon — V1adis1av ( talk   · contribs ). CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. V1adis1av ( talk   · contribs ), CC BY-SA 4.0. Wikimedia Commons; unmodified.
• An independent triple reaches beyond one plane — Schnelliboy. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Vec-indep — Schnelliboy, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• An inhibitor at a separate site changes substrate binding — Isaac Webb. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Allosteric Regulation — Isaac Webb, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• An interaction can change slope without reversing its sign — Skbkekas. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Skbkekas
• An MWC Hill plot can have a changing slope — Lenov. CC BY 3.0. Source. Hill Plot MWC model — Lenov, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• An object between F and2F gives an enlarged inverted image — Cronholm144. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. I, Cronholm144 Changes: Darkened pale yellow ray strokes/arrowheads to brown-gold and virtual-ray dashes to darker brown for phone contrast; geometry,labels and line patterns unchanged.
• An offset plane is affine rather than a linear subspace — Jakob.scholbach. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Affine subspace — Jakob.scholbach, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• An ultrasensitive response rises over a narrow stimulus range — Hoodrd. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Ultrasensitivity — Hoodrd, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Angles are measured from the normal — CielProfond. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Angles are measured from the normal — CielProfond, CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• Any shared birthday is different from matching one specified birthday — Toobaz. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Birthday paradox — Toobaz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Atomic and nuclear scales differ enormously — User:Yzmo. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Helium atom QM — User:Yzmo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Attention heads project separately and combine their outputs — dvgodoy. CC BY 4.0. Source. Multiheaded attention, block diagram — dvgodoy, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Benford probabilities for several leading digits — Cmglee. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Benford law log log graph — Cmglee, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Benford’s leading-digit probabilities depend on the base — Cmglee. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Benford law bases — Cmglee, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Changes: Removed external Wikipedia hyperlink attributes for a self-contained static diagram; visible artwork unchanged.
• Beta(1,1) is uniform on the unit interval — Dr. J. Rodal. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Dr. J. Rodal
• Beta-binomial count distributions with different mixtures — Nschuma. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Beta-binomial distribution pmf — Nschuma, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Bigger areas hold more species — CNX OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. OpenStax, Biology (1st edition), Rice University, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Binary trees need not be binary search trees — Radke7CB. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Binary tree v2 — Radke7CB, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Bold colors that warn predators — CNX OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. OpenStax, Biology (1st edition), Rice University, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Photos: modification of work by Jay Iwasaki and Dan Dzurisin.
• Buoyancy matches displaced-fluid weight — MikeRun. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Buoyancy matches displaced-fluid weight — MikeRun, CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Original SVG rasterized to PNG; composition retained. Changes: Original SVG rasterized at 1280 px; full composition retained.
• Calmodulin structures without and with calcium — Lenov. CC BY 3.0. Source. CalmodulinConformation — Lenov, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Capacitor voltage and inductor current exchange — And1mu. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Capacitor voltage and inductor current exchange — And1mu, CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• Capacitors joined in series — Omegatron. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Capacitors joined in series — Omegatron, CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• Catabolism supplies energy and intermediates for biosynthesis — Linares-Pastén, J. A. (2018): A simplified view of the cellular metabolism. figshare. Figure.. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Metabolism — Linares-Pastén, J. A. (2018): A simplified view of the cellular metabolism. figshare. Figure., CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Cauchy cumulative curves: location and scale — Skbkekas. CC BY 3.0. Source. Cauchy cdf — Skbkekas, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Cauchy densities: location and scale — Skbkekas. CC BY 3.0. Source. Cauchy pdf — Skbkekas, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Changing basis changes coordinates while preserving the vector — Jakob.scholbach. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Vector components and base change — Jakob.scholbach, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Changing flow geometry changes the convective term — Nicoguaro. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. NSConvection vectorial — Nicoguaro, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Changing speed adds tangential acceleration to circular motion — Nonuniform_circular_motion.PNG: Brews ohare derivative work: Jonas De Kooning (talk). CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Nonuniform circular motion — Nonuniform_circular_motion.PNG: Brews ohare derivative work: Jonas De Kooning (talk), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Changes: Expanded the SVG viewport by20 original units on left/right and10 on top/bottom to reveal edge labels; drawing coordinates,labels,colours and composition unchanged.
• Checkpoints and cyclins around the cell cycle — OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. OpenStax, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Chi-square cumulative distributions by degrees of freedom — Geek3. CC BY 3.0. Source. Chi-square cdf — Geek3, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Chi-square densities by degrees of freedom — Geek3. CC BY 3.0. Source. Chi-square pdf — Geek3, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Chromatic focus shift and chromatic magnification differ — Cmglee. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Comparison axial lateral chromatic aberration — Cmglee, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Combining lens elements can reduce chromatic focus spread — Panther, uploaded here by Maksim. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Lens chromatic aberration — Panther, uploaded here by Maksim, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Complete does not mean full — Tmigler, jmatocha. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. jmatocha
• Complex power combines active and reactive parts — Eli Osherovich. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Cmplxpower — Eli Osherovich, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Concerted MWC states shift as ligand binds — Lenov. CC BY 3.0. Source. MWC structure — Lenov, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Conifers come in many shapes — CNX OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. OpenStax, Biology, Rice University, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Image credits: modification of work by Rosendahl, Alan Levine, Wendy McCormic and Micky Zlimen. Changes: JPEG recompressed at the original dimensions; complete composition retained.
• Correlation and the reduction in prediction width — Kodi Arfer. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Pearson correlation and prediction intervals — Kodi Arfer, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Correlation changes the power of paired comparisons — Moritz Kohls. CC BY 4.0. Source. Power of t-tests — Moritz Kohls, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Correlation significance depends on sample size — Muhali. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Critical correlation vs. sample size — Muhali, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Count incoming and outgoing arrows separately — Melchoir. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. DirectedDegrees — Melchoir, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Country populations: observed first digits and Benford’s prediction — Melikamp. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Benfords law illustrated by world's countries population — Melikamp, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Cutting the string releases the ball along its tangent — Brews ohare. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Breaking String — Brews ohare, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Damping lowers and shifts the displacement-resonance peak — Geek3. CC BY 3.0. Source. Mplwp resonance zeta envelope — Geek3, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Deeper holes give faster jets — Matt Cook. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Deeper openings have faster exit flow — Matt Cook, CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• Deletion, duplication and inversion change a chromosome — Richard Wheeler (Zephyris); vector version by NikNaks. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Richard Wheeler (Zephyris); vector version by NikNaks, Single Chromosome Mutations, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified SVG; phone images resized on white.
• Diagonal arrows give a useful filling-order mnemonic — Atchemey. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Aufbau Principle — Atchemey, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Diatoms and their glassy walls — CNX OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. OpenStax, Biology, Rice University, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Image credits: Prof. Gordon T. Taylor, Stony Brook University, NSF, NOAA.
• Different norms give different unit spheres — Jakob.scholbach (talk). CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Jakob.scholbach at English Wikipedia
• Dirichlet densities: concentration and asymmetry on a simplex — Nerebur. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Dirichlet — Nerebur, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Changes: Rearranged the complete two-by-two source PDF panels into one column and rendered as PNG at 720 px width; all panel contents retained.
• Distance follows the route; displacement joins its endpoints — User:Stannered. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Enoch Lau, original Distancedisplacement.png; Stannered, SVG; CC BY-SA3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Dog breeds look different but are one species — CNX OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. OpenStax, Biology (1st edition), Rice University, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Photos: modification of work by Sally Eller, Tom Reese, Jeremy McWilliams and Kathleen Conklin.
• Doubling a hanging load doubles extension for a linear spring — Svjo. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Hookes-law-springs — Svjo, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Each incidence-matrix column represents one directed edge — Pistekjakub. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Incidence matrix - directed graph — Pistekjakub, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Electron-withdrawing chlorine substituents strengthen these acids — KormiSK. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Chloroacetic pka — KormiSK, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Energy transfer brings bodies toward equilibrium — MikeRun. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Energy transfer brings bodies toward equilibrium — MikeRun, CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• Equal masses of iron and gold contain different numbers of atoms — VectorVoyager. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Mass versus moles of iron vs gold — VectorVoyager, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Changes: Corrected the iron amount from17.89 to17.91mol:1000g divided by the printed55.845g/mol is17.9067mol. All other source bytes unchanged.
• Equal time intervals double an exponential quantity — Kmhkmh. CC BY 4.0. Source. Exponentielles wachstum2 — Kmhkmh, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Exponential cumulative probabilities at three rates — Cburnett. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Exponential distribution cdf — Cburnett, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Exponential densities at three rates — Skbkekas. CC BY 3.0. Source. Exponential pdf — Skbkekas, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Exponential versus logistic population growth — OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. Figure from Biology (1st edition) by OpenStax, Rice University, CC BY 4.0 (openstax.org), via Wikimedia Commons. Changes: Rearranged: the two side-by-side graphs were stacked vertically so the labels read at phone width.
• FAD reduction adds two proton and electron equivalents — Pillsmarch. CC BY 4.0. Source. FAD to FADH2 reduction — Pillsmarch, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Field lines outside a bar magnet — Lies Van Rompaey. CC BY 3.0. Source. Field lines outside a bar magnet — Lies Van Rompaey, CC BY 3.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• Five Brownian paths and their growing spread — Geek3. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Wiener-process-5traces — Geek3, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Flip each diagonal bit to escape any proposed list — Jochen Burghardt. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. SVG/PDF by Jochen Burghardt, adapted from the diagram by Cronholm144; CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Formal charge splits each bonding pair equally — Bkwan740. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Co2-1 — Bkwan740, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Four NAND gates inside a 7400 package — Audrius Meskauskas. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Audrius Meskauskas / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0.
• Fungal threads with and without cross-walls — CNX OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. OpenStax, Biology, Rice University, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Image credits: modification of work by Dr. Lucille Georg, CDC. Scale-bar data: Matt Russell. Changes: JPEG recompressed at the original dimensions; complete composition retained.
• Gas pressure comes from molecular motion — Sharayanan. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Gas pressure comes from molecular motion — Sharayanan, CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• Gene history distinguishes orthologs, paralogs and analogs — Thomas Shafee. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Ortholog paralog analog (homologs) — Thomas Shafee, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Changes: Replaced unavailable Calibri with narrower Nimbus Sans Narrow to prevent overlapping gene names/subscripts, then outlined text through Cairo SVG export for stable display; labels, colours, branches and event positions retained.
• Genetic drift: an allele lost by chance — OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. Figure from Biology (1st edition) by OpenStax, Rice University, CC BY 4.0 (openstax.org), via Wikimedia Commons.
• Gravitational fields add, with a cancellation point between two masses — MikeRun. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. MikeRun, CC BY-SA4.0; Earth clip art by yeKcim and Moon icon by gnokii, public domain via OpenClipart; via Wikimedia Commons.
• Half-neutralization links equal acid/base amounts to pKₐ — Lasse Havelund. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Petergans, public-domain original Acetic.png; Lasse Havelund, vector, CC BY-SA4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Heat flows down a temperature gradient — Cdang. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Heat flows down a temperature gradient — Cdang, CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• Heat flows spontaneously from warmer water to cooler water — BlyumJ. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Heat flow hot to cold — BlyumJ, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Heating makes a rod longer — MikeRun. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Heating changes a reference length — MikeRun, CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• Higher s states retain spherical symmetry with more radial nodes — Geek3. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Atomic-orbital-cloud n6 l0 m0 — Geek3, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Honeycreepers: one ancestor, many beaks — CNX OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. OpenStax, Biology (1st edition), Rice University, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Hooke’s linear range ends before plastic deformation dominates — User:Slashme (David Richfield). CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Toiyabe, original PNG; David Richfield (Slashme), SVG and actual-stress addition; CC BY-SA3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Horizontal transfer adds a related gene from another lineage — Thomas Shafee. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Xenology — Thomas Shafee, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Changes: Replaced unavailable Calibri with narrower Nimbus Sans Narrow to prevent overlapping gene names/subscripts, then outlined text through Cairo SVG export for stable display; labels, colours, branches and event positions retained.
• How a tRNA gets its amino acid — Boumphreyfr. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Boumphreyfr, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• How individuals are spaced: uniform, random, clumped — CNX OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. OpenStax, Biology (1st edition), Rice University, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Photos: modification of work by Ben Tubby, Rosendahl and Rebecca Wood.
• How three viruses are built — CNX OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. OpenStax, Biology (1st edition), Rice University, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Huffman codewords from a sideways probability tree — Alessio Damato. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Huffman coding example — Alessio Damato, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Huffman construction repeatedly merges the two smallest weights — Andreas.Roever at German Wikipedia (Original text: Andreas.Roever). CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Andreas.Roever
• Independent majority voting amplifies reliability above one half — Jaszczuroczłek. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Condorcet’s jury theorem graph — Jaszczuroczłek, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Inductor energy is a triangular area — MikeRun. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Inductor energy is a triangular area — MikeRun, CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• Inside an amniotic egg — CNX OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. OpenStax, Biology (1st edition), Rice University, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Inside the focus,a concave mirror forms an upright virtual image — Cronholm144. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. I, Cronholm144 Changes: Darkened pale yellow ray strokes/arrowheads to brown-gold and virtual-ray dashes to darker brown for phone contrast; geometry,labels and line patterns unchanged.
• Interpolating every observation can create large oscillations — ThirdOrderLogic. CC BY 4.0. Source. Pyplot overfitting — ThirdOrderLogic, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Isopentane has a branched five-carbon skeleton — Arrowsmaster. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Isopentane-2D-skeletal — Arrowsmaster, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Kepler’s equation links mean and eccentric anomaly nonlinearly — Johannes Barker. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Keplers equation — Johannes Barker, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Larger quartz-density grains settle faster in this model — Urs Neumeier. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Settling velocity quartz — Urs Neumeier, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Learning slows as prediction error shrinks — Blacktc. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Rescorla–Wagner model in Learning — Blacktc, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Lift and drag are components relative to the incoming flow — Vector by רונאלדיניו המלך, Original by J Doug McLean. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Airfoil lift and drag — Vector by רונאלדיניו המלך, Original by J Doug McLean, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Long bonds can connect separated sites into the same cluster — Gigori. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. LR 1d clusters wiki — Gigori, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Magnetization can remain after the field is removed — Processo_magnetizzazione.svg : Fralama derivative work: Setreset ( talk ). CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Magnetization can remain after the field is removed — Processo_magnetizzazione.svg : Fralama derivative work: Setreset ( talk ), CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• Making lactate recycles NAD+ — CNX OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. OpenStax, Biology (1st edition), Rice University, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Mass extinctions in the fossil record — CNX OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. OpenStax, Biology (1st edition), Rice University, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Matching absorption lines can reveal a redshift — Georg Wiora (Dr. Schorsch) created this image from the original JPG. Derivative work:Kes47 (talk). CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Harold T. Stokes, public-domain original; Ian Tresman, amendments; Georg Wiora (Dr. Schorsch), PNG cleanup; KES47, vector; migrated CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Matrix multiplication keeps the outer dimensions — Quartl. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Matrix multiplication qtl1 — Quartl, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Mean, median and mode of two log-normal distributions — Cmglee. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Cmglee
• n and l organize families of orbital shapes — Geek3. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Atomic-orbital-clouds spdf m0 — Geek3, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Names for changes of phase — AnyFile. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Names for changes of phase — AnyFile, CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• Natural-number pairs can be enumerated diagonally — Cronholm144. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. I, Cronholm144
• Negative scaling reverses a vector — Silly rabbit. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Scalar multiplication of vectors2 — Silly rabbit, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• One bone plan, four different limbs — CNX OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. OpenStax, Biology (1st edition), Rice University, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• One dipole can polarize a neighbour — Christopher Rowley. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. One dipole can polarize a neighbour — Christopher Rowley, CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• One fading signal, three bands of cells — Daniel Alber. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Daniel Alber, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• One pair exchange reverses a tetrahedral configuration — Alsosaid1987. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Illustrate stereocenter — Alsosaid1987, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• One parse of 1+1+a groups to the left — Pat Hawks. CC BY 4.0. Source. Simple Parse Tree 2 — Pat Hawks, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• One parse of 1+1+a groups to the right — Pat Hawks. CC BY 4.0. Source. Simple Parse Tree 1 — Pat Hawks, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Only the transverse velocity contributes to angular momentum — Tfr000. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Ang mom 2d — Tfr000, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Orbital period scales as semimajor axis to the three-halves power — Cmglee translator: Loupeter (ca). CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Solar system orbital period vs semimajor axis — Cmglee translator: Loupeter (ca), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Overlapping disks form a spanning cluster — Qimran. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. 2D continuum percolation with disks — Qimran, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Oxidation loses electrons;reduction gains them — Cmglee. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Redox example — Cmglee, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Oxidation state assigns C–O bond electrons to oxygen — Bkwan740. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Co2-2 — Bkwan740, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Oxidized FAD absorbs blue light near450nm — Dsteyer. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Spectrum — Dsteyer, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Pairing changes a t-test’s false-positive rate — Moritz Kohls. CC BY 4.0. Source. Type 1 error — Moritz Kohls, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Parallel currents attract — MikeRun. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Parallel currents attract — MikeRun, CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• Parts of a phylogenetic tree — OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. Figure from Biology (1st edition) by OpenStax, Rice University, CC BY 4.0 (openstax.org), via Wikimedia Commons.
• Percolation with overlapping ellipses — Qimran. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. 2D continuum percolation with ellipses of aspect ratio 2 — Qimran, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Phases of an action potential — OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. Figure from Biology (1st edition) by OpenStax, Rice University, CC BY 4.0 (openstax.org), via Wikimedia Commons.
• Phosphate’s widely separated pKₐ values separate its forms — Petergans. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. H3PO4 speciation — Petergans, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Picard iteration builds a local solution by integration — Ovinus. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Picard iteration example tan x — Ovinus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Pivot columns need not be consecutive — Lacie Caridad. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Row echelon form — Lacie Caridad, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Poisson events with a changing rate — NikelsenH. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Inhomogeneouspoissonprocess — NikelsenH, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Projection adds along with vectors — Slawekb. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Dot product distributive law — Slawekb, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Quorum sensing: more bacteria, more signal — Original: Y_tambe Vector: Predatorix. CC BY 4.0. Source. Original: Y_tambe Vector: Predatorix, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Random chord rule 1: choose two endpoints — The original uploader was Timecop at English Wikipedia.. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. SVG by Timecop, based on original work by Robert Dodier (Wile E. Heresiarch), CC BY-SA 3.0 via the Commons GFDL license migration; Wikimedia Commons.
• Random chord rule 2: choose a radius and distance — The original uploader was Timecop at English Wikipedia.. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. SVG by Timecop, based on original work by Robert Dodier (Wile E. Heresiarch), CC BY-SA 3.0 via the Commons GFDL license migration; Wikimedia Commons. Changes: Expanded two fixed namespace entities and removed the SVG DTD; visible artwork unchanged.
• Random chord rule 3: choose a midpoint in the disk — The original uploader was Timecop at English Wikipedia.. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. SVG by Timecop, based on original work by Robert Dodier (Wile E. Heresiarch), CC BY-SA 3.0 via the Commons GFDL license migration; Wikimedia Commons. Changes: Expanded two fixed namespace entities and removed the SVG DTD; visible artwork unchanged.
• Random-matrix eigenvalues approximately fill a disk — Drchaos31415. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. CircleLaw — Drchaos31415, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Rare large deflections support a concentrated positive nucleus — Kurzon. CC BY 3.0. Source. Geiger-Marsden experiment expectation and result — Kurzon, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Changes: Stacked the two source columns vertically for phone reading and enlarged four English apparatus labels from 16 to 24 SVG units; all original vector groups, colors, model geometry and ray paths retained.
• Real, reactive and apparent power — VoidZero. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Real, reactive and apparent power — VoidZero, CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• Recession reddens light and approach blues it — Aleš Tošovský. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Redshift blueshift — Aleš Tošovský, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Reciprocal pointing repeats movement between two targets — Mantury. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Mantury, Fitts Task English.jpg, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes: Original JPEG embedded unchanged in an accessible SVG with an added heading and explanatory footer.
• Red cells, white cells and platelets — CNX OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. OpenStax, Biology (1st edition), Rice University, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Reflected beams can interfere constructively — Jhbdel. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Thin film interference phase 1 — Jhbdel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Reflected beams can interfere destructively — Jhbdel. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Thin film interference phase 2 — Jhbdel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Reflecting a ballot path up to its first crossing — RDBury. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. AndreReflection — RDBury, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Remembering enough coin history to reach HTH — CeHaga. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Markov Chain for String Generation Example — CeHaga, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Repeated reflections split light into many beams — Stigmatella aurantiaca; original by Kevin j morse (Etalon-1.svg). CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Stigmatella aurantiaca; original by Kevin j morse (Etalon-1.svg), Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 3.0; imported unchanged.
• Resolve weight along and across an inclined plane — Jer S. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Mets501, original Free body.svg, CC BY-SA3.0; Jer S, derivative, CC BY-SA4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Restaurant tips versus total bill — Visnut. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Tips-scat1 — Visnut, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Restricting a range can weaken observed correlation — Skbkekas. CC BY 3.0. Source. Correlation range dependence — Skbkekas, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• R² compares a fitted line with the mean-only baseline — Orzetto. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Coefficient of Determination — Orzetto, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Sarrus’s diagonal rule for a 3×3 determinant — Kmhkmh. CC BY 4.0. Source. Sarrus rule1 — Kmhkmh, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Scaled attention turns query–key scores into a weighted value sum — dvgodoy. CC BY 4.0. Source. Transformer, attention block diagram — dvgodoy, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Scaling one summand changes the resultant vector — IkamusumeFan. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Vector add scale — IkamusumeFan, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Secondary succession after a forest fire — OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. Figure from Biology (1st edition) by OpenStax, Rice University, CC BY 4.0 (openstax.org), via Wikimedia Commons. Changes: Rearranged: the three side-by-side stages were stacked vertically and the title line dropped, so the labels read at phone width.
• Several gas laws are slices of one ideal-gas equation — Cmglee. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Ideal gas law relationships — Cmglee, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Several orbitals share the same nuclear center — John Trombley. CC BY 4.0. Source. Schrodinger model of the atom — John Trombley, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Shared derived traits form nested groups — CNX OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. OpenStax, Biology (1st edition), Rice University, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Skew is named for the longer tail — Rodolfo Hermans (Godot) at en.wikipedia.. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Negative and positive skew diagrams (English) — Rodolfo Hermans (Godot) at en.wikipedia., CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Sori: spore clusters under a fern leaf — CNX OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. OpenStax, Biology, Rice University, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Image credits: modification of work by Myriam Feldman.
• Spectral class and absolute brightness locate different stellar groups — User:Spacepotato. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Rursus, original; Bhutajata and Spacepotato, modifications; migrated CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Split a particle’s position into center-of-mass and relative parts — Tfr000. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Ang mom vector diagram — Tfr000, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Stabilizing, directional and diversifying selection — OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. Figure from Biology (1st edition) by OpenStax, Rice University, CC BY 4.0 (openstax.org), via Wikimedia Commons. Changes: Cropped: the right-hand column of example text was removed so the three graphs read at phone width.
• Steady flow can accelerate as a particle changes position — Nicoguaro. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Ben pcc, original public-domain ConvectiveAcceleration.png; Nicoguaro, vector version, CC BY-SA4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Student t cumulative probabilities approach the normal curve — Skbkekas. CC BY 3.0. Source. Student t cdf — Skbkekas, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Student t densities have heavier tails than the normal — Skbkekas. CC BY 3.0. Source. Student t pdf — Skbkekas, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Subtract a shifted geometric sum to cancel the middle terms — Cmglee. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Geometric progression sum visual proof — Cmglee, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Subtract velocity vectors before dividing by elapsed time — Fred the Oyster. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Brews ohare, original Acceleration.JPG, CC BY-SA3.0; Fred the Oyster, vector version, CC BY-SA4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Tangential force does work along a circular arc — SamL 199917. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Work on lever arm — SamL 199917, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Temperature and baking time interact — Michaelg2015. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Interaction plot cookie baking — Michaelg2015, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Ten-cent bins reveal rounded tip amounts — Visnut. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Tips-hist2 — Visnut, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The arcsine cumulative distribution — user:Arthena. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Arcsin cdf — user:Arthena, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The arcsine density is largest near the endpoints — user:Arthena. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Arcsin density — user:Arthena, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The bottleneck effect — OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. Figure from Biology (1st edition) by OpenStax, Rice University, CC BY 4.0 (openstax.org), via Wikimedia Commons.
• The doubling map preserves interval length — Erzbischof. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Exampleergodicmap — Erzbischof, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The Ginibre eigenvalue density approaches a disk edge — Cosmia Nebula. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Eigenvalue density of Ginibre — Cosmia Nebula, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The Jacobian approximates a local area change — Blacklemon67. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Blacklemon67
• The right hand fixes cross-product direction — Acdx. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Acdx, based on Oleg Alexandrov and the hand outline by Douglas Morrison (DougM); CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Changes: Expanded the Adobe namespace entity and removed its DTD declaration for safe static SVG; artwork unchanged.
• The same CO₂ structure has different charge bookkeeping — Bkwan740. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Co2comp — Bkwan740, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The sixth roots of unity form a cyclic group — Original: Jakob.scholbach Vector: Pbroks13. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Cyclic group — Original: Jakob.scholbach Vector: Pbroks13, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The steps of a genome project — Estevezj. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Estevezj, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The sum of three uniform three-outcome variables — Lilbitmessy. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Probability mass function of the sum of three terms — Lilbitmessy, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The Sun lies at a focus of the elliptical orbit — Original: Arpad Horvath New version: Rubber Duck (☮ • ✍). CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Stw, original PNG, migrated CC BY-SA 3.0; Arpad Horvath (Harp), SVG; Krishnavedala (Rubber Duck), simplification; CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The supremum is the least of the upper bounds — Stephan Kulla (User:Stephan Kulla). CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Illustration of supremum — Stephan Kulla (User:Stephan Kulla), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• The trolley problem: the switch version — McGeddon; Zapyon; components by BjørnN, Orem and MCruz (WMF). CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Original McGeddon; vector Zapyon; tram BjørnN, rails Orem, person icon MCruz (WMF). Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes: Removed two non-rendering Adobe foreignObject metadata blocks; artwork unchanged.
• Three coplanar vectors in three-dimensional space are dependent — Schnelliboy. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Vec-dep — Schnelliboy, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Three distributions share a dilute limit — Geek3. CC BY 3.0. Source. Geek3, Wikimedia Commons; CC BY 3.0; imported unchanged.
• Three kinds of muscle under the microscope — OpenStax College. CC BY 4.0. Source. OpenStax College, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Micrographs: Regents of the University of Michigan Medical School, © 2012.
• Three survivorship curves — CNX OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. OpenStax, Biology (1st edition), Rice University, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Three ways a hybrid zone can turn out — CNX OpenStax. CC BY 4.0. Source. OpenStax, Biology (1st edition), Rice University, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Thumb with current,fingers with the magnetic field — MikeRun. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. MikeRun, CC BY-SA4.0; field lines from Geek3’s VFPt wire out.svg, CC BY-SA3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Tip amounts with one-dollar bins — Visnut. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Tips-hist1 — Visnut, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Transition rates are initial slopes of transition probabilities — Erzbischof. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Intensities vs transition probabilities — Erzbischof, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Tripling a vector equals adding three copies — Silly rabbit at en.wikipedia. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Silly rabbit at the English Wikipedia
• True, eccentric and mean anomaly refer to different constructions — Lasunncty at English Wikipedia. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Kwantus, original scheme; Lasunncty, proportionally corrected vector; migrated CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Changes: Removed the external SVG DTD for safe standalone display; drawing content unchanged.
• Turning body cells back into stem cells — explorebiology. CC BY 4.0. Source. explorebiology, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Two coils share magnetic flux — Math buff. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Two coils share magnetic flux — Math buff, CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• Two fits with different R² values — Debenben. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. R2values — Debenben, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Two independent vectors span a plane — Fred the Oyster. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Fred the Oyster, based on Jim.belk’s public-domain original; CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Two outcomes of a Bernoulli variable — Sivaji12331. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Pdf bernoulli 1 — Sivaji12331, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Two planes can intersect in a line through the origin — Alksentrs at en.wikipedia. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Alksentrs, based on Jakob.scholbach; CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Two reflected paths acquire different optical phases — Nicoguaro. CC BY 4.0. Source. Thin film interference — Nicoguaro, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Two regression predictors carry overlapping information — Ravet007. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Multicollinearity — Ravet007, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Two returning beams meet again — User:Stannered. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Two returning beams meet again — User:Stannered, CC BY-SA 3.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• Two two-bit inputs produce a four-bit product — Jooja. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Binary multiplier — Jooja, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Port labels enlarged and accessibility metadata added by Coach. Changes: Port labels enlarged from 12 to 20 px; responsive viewBox and title/description added. Gate and wire geometry unchanged.
• Validation error can rise while training error keeps falling — Dake~commonswiki. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Overfitting — Dake~commonswiki, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Velocity approaches terminal speed as acceleration falls — Spikeylegs. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Graph of velocity versus time of a skydiver reaching a terminal velocity — Spikeylegs, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Water heating includes phase-change plateaus — MikeRun. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Water heating includes phase-change plateaus — MikeRun, CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• Water’s ionization constant changes with temperature — Stan J Klimas at English Wikipedia. CC BY 3.0. Source. Stan J Klimas at English Wikipedia
• Water’s two polar bonds do not cancel — Riccardo Rovinetti. CC BY-SA 3.0. Source. Ben Mills, public-domain molecular model; Riccardo Rovinetti, annotations, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Weak-acid buffer capacity peaks near pKa — Quantumkinetics. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Buffer Capacity 2 — Quantumkinetics, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Where a heat engine's energy goes — MikeRun. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Account for a heat engine energy split — MikeRun, CC BY-SA 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• Where a Wald proportion interval breaks down — Wallis, Sean.. CC BY 4.0. Source. Normal approx interval and logistic example — Wallis, Sean., CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Whole-genome duplication creates two copies of each gene — Thomas Shafee. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Ohnology — Thomas Shafee, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Changes: Replaced unavailable Calibri with narrower Nimbus Sans Narrow to prevent overlapping gene names/subscripts, then outlined text through Cairo SVG export for stable display; labels, colours, branches and event positions retained.
• Wilson proportion bounds stay within 0–1 — Wallis, Sean.. CC BY 4.0. Source. Wilson score interval and logistic example — Wallis, Sean., CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
• Wire resistance depends on length and area — Paul Peter Urone and Roger Hinrichs. CC BY 4.0. Source. Wire resistance depends on length and area — Paul Peter Urone and Roger Hinrichs, CC BY 4.0. Source: Wikimedia Commons. Unmodified.
• Xylem and phloem: transport in a plant — Nefronus. CC BY-SA 4.0. Source. Diagram by Nefronus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

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